Allied Intelligence Operations in the Pacific

In popular understanding, we think of intelligence operations as “code breaking.” But those were always later developments. The first step was listening in on enemy transmissions. Intercepts were collected by ground stations, ship-based stations, aircraft with radio monitoring gear, and even submarines. Once the encrypted communications were intercepted, even when messages couldn’t be decrypted, analysts studied call signs, frequencies, message traffic volume, transmission times, and transmission locations. Early in the war these “signal intelligence” (SIGNIT) operations were sophisticated enough to reveal patterns such as unit locations, movements, and order of battle. The early June 1942 Japanese attack on Midway was “known” through traffic analysis without the benefit of code breaking. This was done by the Hawaii based Station Hypo.

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When to Rebuke, When to Forgive?

3 Be on your guard! If your brother sins, rebuke him; and if he repents, forgive him. 4 And if he wrongs you seven times in one day and returns to you seven times saying, ‘I am sorry,’ you should forgive him.” (Luke 17)

The disciples are warned to be on guard lest they become like the Pharisees. Several translations take the term adelphos as “disciple” but our translation does well to let it be literal as “brothers” [and sisters], retaining the communal kinship brought about by their common faith and service. Jesus is stressing that even individual sin has a communal element in that the sin of one may lead others astray. This sense of community is made clear in the Matthean parallel:

15 “If your brother sins (against you), go and tell him his fault between you and him alone. If he listens to you, you have won over your brother. 16 If he does not listen, take one or two others along with you, so that ‘every fact may be established on the testimony of two or three witnesses.’ 17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell the church.  If he refuses to listen even to the church, then treat him as you would a Gentile or a tax collector” (Mt 18:15–17). 

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