
In popular understanding, we think of intelligence operations as “code breaking.” But those were always later developments. The first step was listening in on enemy transmissions. Intercepts were collected by ground stations, ship-based stations, aircraft with radio monitoring gear, and even submarines. Once the encrypted communications were intercepted, even when messages couldn’t be decrypted, analysts studied call signs, frequencies, message traffic volume, transmission times, and transmission locations. Early in the war these “signal intelligence” (SIGNIT) operations were sophisticated enough to reveal patterns such as unit locations, movements, and order of battle. The early June 1942 Japanese attack on Midway was “known” through traffic analysis without the benefit of code breaking. This was done by the Hawaii based Station Hypo.
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